![]() In both Europe and the Middle East this meant defining the plague in terms of the theory of four bodily humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile), first developed by the ancient physicians Hippocrates and Galen and further explained by Arabic and Latin physicians in the middle ages. (Image credit: Wellcome Collection (CC BY 4.0))Īfter the outbreak of the Black Death, doctors and scientists immediately tried to fit the disease into their existing understanding of medicine. Gentile da Foligno from Bologna, Italy, died of the plague in 1348, after writing several casebooks on the subject.Ī 20th century watercolor of an 18th century physician wearing a plague preventive costume. ![]() ![]() According to Einbinder, another early plague doctor called Prof. Spanish physician Jacme d’Agramont published one of the first treatises in April 1348. Einbinder's book "After the Black Death" (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), many plague doctors wrote short books, known as plague treatises, to advise their peers and the literate public on plague prevention. Related: Black Death survey reveals incredible devastation wrought by plagueĪccording to Susan L. However, they deserve more credit than they usually receive, because they recognized the spread and symptoms of plague and gave people hope in an age of constant medical crisis. These doctors were working long before germ theory and antibiotics and were unable to cure plagues. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)) The plague in Leiden in 1574: a doctor examines a urine flask surrounded by the ill, the dying and the dead. Plague prevention and care came from college-trained physicians, surgeons, barbers, apothecaries, midwives, herbalists and priests. Ideas about the cause and spread of plague changed over several centuries, as did the clothing worn by plague doctors and the methods they used to treat the disease. Physicians of the later medieval and early modern periods aren't represented by a single outfit. Without more informative written reports and images from this period, which can help us understand under what circumstances the outfit was used, it is impossible to tell which came first: the plague doctor's protective outfit, or the carnival costume. In fact, some historians have argued that the beaked plague doctor was nothing but a fictional and comedic character at first, and that the theatrical version inspired genuine doctors to use the costume during the outbreaks of 16. The plague doctor getup, and especially the beaked mask, has become one of the most popular costumes in the "Carnevale," or Carnival of Venice in Italy. The engravings of Altzenbach and Fürst may also have inspired the inclusion of the plague doctor, or "Medico della Peste" in Italian, as a standard character in theatres since the 17th century. These elements are satirical and not a historical reality, but they have nonetheless shaped much of how the stereotypical plague doctor is pictured today. Nine women of different social rank dance with the dead (Image credit:, 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0))įürst also added some extra elements to the plague doctor outfit which appear in versions to this day, such as the claw-like gloves and the pointing stick topped by a bat-winged hourglass. RedTube is yours - your Home of videos Porno.An 18th-century German oil painting of the "Danse Macabre". ![]() We are constantly improving our site and want to provide you with the best free porno experience you can think of. So just feel yourself at home and start browsing our constantly updating vast archive of porno graphic materials, or create a profile, save and share your favorite porno flicks and get in contact with other porno video lovers. Nor do we have to remind you that practice makes perfect, and porn can show you many ways of giving and receiving sexual pleasure. We do not have to tell you that scientific research in our RedTube Labs proved that watching porn increases your fertility and a regular wank keeps you fit and healthy. Since this sex drive is in all of us and you found your way here, it is too late to pretend that you are not a wanker, such as ninety-nine percent of people are, in fact. No matter what strokes you are searching for, RedTube will satisfy the carnal sex instincts of your reptile brain. We know your need for porn, and RedTube is the shrine for your sexual salvation. Our site is dedicated to all you porno lovers out there. Welcome to RedTube, the Home of Videos Porno.
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